In particular, low substrate turnover rates and concurrently low power outputs are the key hindrances for scaling-up of wastewater treating MFCs. This is mainly due to critical limitations such as high capital costs per treatment capacity versus competing existing wastewater treatment technologies. Despite numerous advances in fundamental and technological aspects, implementation of MFCs in real-world applications is taking considerable time. If deployed for decentralized wastewater treatment or integrated into existing wastewater treatment plants, the MFC technology has the potential to make the overall treatment process energy efficient. Microbial electrochemical technologies, such as microbial fuel cells (MFCs), are attracting extraordinary attention due to their dual functions of waste removal and energy production from wastewaters.
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